How far, and in what ways, do you agree that the story Essay

‘Hamlet’ is a revenge tragedy; a genre originally developed by plays such as ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ by Thomas Kyd from 1585-1590. The genre is characterized by the inclusion of death, murder, betrayal, madness, poison, surveillance and the supernatural in the narrative – themes that all frequently occur in ‘Hamlet’. However to what extent does the story of Polonius, Ophelia and Laertes conform to this idea of a revenge tragedy; and more broadly, how does the story of the family conform to the genre of tragedy as a whole? One issue is how to define a tragedy; Thomas Heywood wrote: â€Å"Comedies begin in trouble and end in peace; tragedies begin in calm and end in tempest†, ‘Apology for Actors’, 1612. By this definition, tragedy generally can be summarised as a sequence of events that lead to the destruction of the majority of its characters. In this sense, the story of Polonius and his family conforms to the basic skeleton of a tragedy – by the end of the play Polonius, Laertes and Ophelia are dead. However the family’s story does not conform as simply to other definitions of tragedy. ‘[Tragedy] would look with a sceptical eye at what was happening in the world around’, M. Mangan (1991). ‘Tragedy would look with a sceptical eye’ implies that tragedy has the role of both viewing and criticising society. This concept can be applied to Polonius, a character remarkably similar to Queen Elizabeth I’s spymaster, Sir Francis Walsingham. Shakespeare spent the majority of his life under Elizabeth’s rule; hence the Elizabeth’s gentry may have aided Shakespeare in creating his constructs. Polonius is characterized by his long, rambling speeches, for example in Act 2 Scene 2; ‘Either for tragedy, comedy, history, pastoral, pastorical-comical, historical-pastoral, tragic-historical, tragical-comical-historical-pastoral unlimited’ The absurd repetition of the words ‘tragedy’, ‘comedy’, ‘history’ and ‘pastoral’ emphasize the loquaciousness of Polonius, but is perhaps also mocking Sir Francis Walsingham. Shakespeare is crafting a stereotype that spymasters are loquacious, obsequious characters. Perhaps Shakespeare is criticising society; society does not require spymasters spawning insincerity and deceit. If so, Shakespeare is using satire as a tool to portray this viewpoint. Polonius may be used by Shakespeare as a means to act as such a ‘sceptical eye’ on society, conforming to Mangan’s concept of the relevance of tragedy in real life. Aristotle was a key figure in defining tragedy, and stated in his ‘Poetics’ that a typical tragedy consisted of a noble protagonist, with a hamartia (tragic flaw), whose peripeteia (reversal of fortune) is brought about by an anagnorisis (moment of recognition). However it would be unwise to assume that Aristotle’s ‘Poetics’, written in c. 335 BC would still be completely relevant to Shakespearean tragedy, written some two thousand years later. However several aspects of Aristotle’s tragedy can be applied to Polonius and his family. Polonius has his tragic flaw: his obsession with spying. He tells Reynaldo before departing to France to spy on Laertes: ‘By indirections find directions out’ (Act 2 Scene 1) Not only does this indicate his unnatural interest in his son’s affairs, so much that he is willing to send a spy to observe his sons possible hedonism in Paris; but it also shows that he is experienced as a spymaster. Such advice is most likely to be learned from several years of manipulating people to his advantage. Essentially what he is saying is the most direct method of finding the truth is through being indirect, which holds to be true as we see later in the play with Hamlet’s ‘The Mousetrap’; a play within a play which exposes Claudius’ villainy through indirect and subtle methods. Furthermore on the topic of hamartia – Laertes has his tragic flaw of overreaction; a stark contrast to Hamlet whose tragic flaw is procrastination. When asked by Claudius what he will do when Hamlet returns to Denmark to avenge his father in Act 4 Scene VII, he replies ‘To cut his throat i’ the church. ‘ This directly mirrors the church scene, where Claudius is vulnerable yet Hamlet refrains from acting out his revenge. This displays Laertes’ as a traditional revenger, willing to act, unlike Hamlet who considers the legitimacy of the ghost’s claims before even considering revenge. Laertes does not take much persuading from Claudius. However it is this over-willingness to act that is the cause of his death. In his rage at the death of both his father and sister, he plots with Claudius to kill Hamlet; a move which kills him as he himself is poisoned by the sword intended for Hamlet. Over-willingness to act is Laerte’s hamartia; and so Laertes also conforms to this tragic skeleton laid out by Aristotle. However perhaps more tragic, although not conforming to Aristotle’s works, is the question; why is Laertes so willing to act? His father was voyeuristic, deceitful and loquacious – he used Ophelia as a tool to gain favour with the king, and spied on Laertes to ensure his name was not tarnished. He was a far from noble man, his life summarised accurately by his death; behind an arras spying on someone. In this regard, it is questionable whether Laertes’ brashness in relation to revenge is justified. From the aspects of Polonius’ character seen in the play, it does not appear that he was a ‘good’ father; in fact he seems villainous at times – for example when he disallows Ophelia to express her love for Hamlet, then makes her feel to blame when Hamlet puts on his antic disposition. It is questionable whether Polonius ‘deserves’ to be avenged. Hamlet seems to simply shrug off the murder of Polonius, noting of what the little worth he was when referring him simply as ‘guts’. This could be seen as tragic, as the worthlessness of Polonius’ character implies that Laertes died for nothing. One explanation is that Laertes may have been inclined to act out revenge with such little persuasion due to the fact Polonius was all he and his sister had. Since Hamlet put on his antic disposition, Ophelia lacked a love interest, as did Laertes assuming he did not have a lover in Paris; moreover they were not allowed to have a love interest due to Polonius caring too much about his image than the wishes of his children. With no love interests, and apparently no motherly figure, they were left with no figure of authority but Polonius, which may be the cause for Laertes’ brash attitudes towards revenge. Also likely is the concept of family honour driving Laertes’ revenge, a concept which an Elizabethan audience may have empathised with. The death of Ophelia in a modern day sense is considered tragic, like any suspected suicide. However during Elizabethan times her death would be considered on a more religious basis; the priest comments on the ‘questionable’ nature of her death, and whether it would warrant a Christian burial. This is an example of how the definition of tragedy shifts over time; even Laertes does not seem as shaken by the announcement of his sister’s death compared to his fathers, perhaps due to the nature of her death. Ophelia’s death is considered a tragedy in a modern day sense, but at the time her death not so much tragic, but rather symbolised the death of innocence in the play, as part of the build up to the climatic deaths in the final act. However, Ophelia’s death is an example of how ‘Hamlet’ is able to transcend traditional ideas on tragedy, and can hold relevance to modern day interpretations of what is considered tragic. In the 21st century, a tragic event is where an individual or group suffers to a greater extent than they are perceived to deserve. It could be argued that however you spin the story of Polonius and his family, they will always conform to this modern interpretation of tragedy, as well as the traditional tragedy theorised by Aristotle. Ophelia is being perpetually commanded and ordered throughout the play by the significant characters in her life; first Laertes, when he displays his disapproval of her intimacy with Hamlet, and Polonius when he conducts his own ‘play within a play’, ordering her to talk to Hamlet while he observes behind an arras. She has little to no freedom, despite the fact she has ‘done nothing wrong’; unlike her brother who had enjoyed the ‘primrose path of dalliance’ while in Paris, and the voyeuristic indulgence of Polonius. The death of Ophelia to a modern audience is tragic, so in this sense the story of Polonius and his family is a tragedy. I agree that the story of Polonius and his family should be considered ‘a tragedy within a tragedy’. Their story contains many of the frequently occurring aspects of a tragedy; death, love, murder, revenge and surveillance. As well as this, the family conforms to the concept of a tragedy as laid out by Aristotle. Finally, the story of Polonius and his family conforms to what is considered tragic in the present, as the tragedy has transcended the period in which the play was written. References Primary Text Shakespeare, W (~1600) ‘Hamlet’ London: Penguin (2005) Secondary Texts Aristotle (350 BC) ‘Poetics’ London: Penguin (1997) Heywood, T (1612) ‘An Apology for Actors’ New York: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints (1999) Mangan, M (1991) ‘A Preface to Shakespeare’s Tragedies’ London: Longman.

The Corner and Nighthawks

Manuel Espinosa Professor Stefanovic ENC 1102 21 February 2013 NIGHTHAWKS â€Å"Nighthawks† by Samuel Yellen is a poem about three individuals who are troubled with life. These individuals are occupying the same space and they appear to be relatively close from each other, but they arein fact disconnected from one another. The speaker sets a hopeless tone to help the reader analyze and really understand the characters’ feelings. This is a poem based on a famouspainting by Edward Hopper that portrays people sitting in a downtown diner late at night.Yellen wants his readersto be able to recognize that caring and affection is the easiest way to a successful and joyful human interaction. The poem’s setting takes place at â€Å"the corner of Empty and Bleak† (1) and the time is the â€Å"night’s most desolated hour† (2). Empty corners and night hours are an infamous mix. Evil deeds are performed at desolate corners during odd hours of the night. I n the corner is â€Å"Al’s Coffee Cup or the Hamburger Tower† (3), only cheap and plain shops would stay open till late hours at night and the servers would use language like â€Å"be with you in a jiff† (7).Inside the establishment there are â€Å"three nighthawks seated there† (6). Yellenuses nighthawks because the characters meet at night and hawks are lonely animals which â€Å"in this drama do not speak† (4). Another connotation is to perceive hawks as ferocious and independent creatures or how Yellen better describe them â€Å"patrons of life† (6). One of the nighthawks, â€Å"[t]he single man whose hunched back we see† (9) challenged his fate when he â€Å"put a gun to his head in Russian roulette† (10). Even though he â€Å"won the bet† (11) his body posture indicates he is troubled or pensive. And now he lives his x years’ guarantee† (12). The speaker wants to clarify that the character might off ch eated death that time by dying is inevitable. Then, we have â€Å"facing us, the two central characters† (13). They â€Å"[h]ave finished their coffee, and have lit [a] contemplative cigarette† (14-15). These characters are meditative; cigarette smoking is associated with worried or stressed individuals. â€Å"His hand lies close, but not touching hers† (16). Now it is understood there is a male and a female character. The speaker points out that they are close but not ouching each other, describing no emotional connection between the characters. A sexual connection is implied when the speaker refers to â€Å"a darkened room† (17) and continues to give explicit details of this encounter â€Å"[m]outh burned mouth, flesh beat ground [o]n a ravaged flesh† (18-19). Yellen wants to show readers the difference between a sexual act and an intimate connection. This couple shared the ultimate bonding experience between two human beings and yet they were no t able to connect spiritually but only physically.The speaker gives example of this when he mentions â€Å"[n]o local habitation and no name† (20). The speaker finishes the poem with a sarcastic tone. He implies that everyone that â€Å"peer through that curve of plate glass† (5) should be fortune â€Å"to be none of these! † (21) referring to the nighthawks. He assumes that anybody who compares themselves with these characters, using the â€Å"complacent eye† (22), should be pleased with what they see. With this conclusion Yellen sets himself aside and delivers a powerfully message to the readers.He feels superior to the characters and wants to project that feeling to his readers, not taking in consideration or really understanding the reason the characters are in these situations in the first place. The last stanza â€Å"[o]ur satisfactions satisfy, [o]ur pleasures, our plesures please. † (23-24), makes emphasis on the way the speaker feels and w ants the readers to feel about their own accomplishments, but leaving out the way they should feel about their fellow man. The speaker projects itself as a selfish individual who does not care about less fortunate individuals.It is often said that to have a better world we should care for one another. Yellen’s idea of human connection shows the total opposite, he emphasizes on his characters’ faults instead of his qualities. This poem contains many problems that our society faces on a daily basis but unfortunately for the readers, Yellen focused on showing the problem but does not offer a solution. Work Cited McMahan, Elizabeth, Susan X Day, Robert Funk, Linda Coleman. Literature and the Writing Process. Ninth Ed. Boston: Longman. 2011. Print Rafeeq O. McGiveron (1998): Yellen's Nighthawks, The Explicator, 56:3,148-149

A Gothic novel Essay

‘How far can we accept Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein as a typical example of the Gothic Tradition? Focus on specific examples of the genre to illustrate your answer. ‘ Many critics have named Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein as a Gothic novel. A traditional Gothic novel can be described as, ‘ tales of the macabre, fantastic and supernatural. ‘ In the beginning, the word Gothic implied ‘medieval’, but with time its meaning altered, until its emphasis lay on the macabre. Many of the best gothic novels show examples of invention and produce moments of horror far greater than pieces that are less emotive. Frankenstein fits into this category. Victor Frankenstein is an ambitious, although misguided inventor, looking to solve the secret of life. In her introduction, Mary Shelley declares her desire to ‘curdle the blood and quicken the beatings of the heart. ‘ This type of language immediately signals to the reader that Frankenstein should be placed in the gothic genre. Gothic novels are generally said to include some of the following elements. They should be set in a castle with an atmosphere of suspense and mystery, there should be supernatural or otherwise inexplicable events, am ancient prophecy, omens, portents, visions, high or overwrought emotion, women in distress or threatened by a powerful, impulsive, tyrannical male, and finally the metonymy of gloom and horror. Frankenstein does not really include any of these points to the excess. It is not set in a castle and the language cannot really be said to be mysterious, as we are narrated clearly throughout. Can it still be said to be a gothic novel, even without any of the conventional gothic traits? The term gothic covers a wide variety of texts and is by no means easy to define. It is not that straightforward to therefore relate Frankenstein to other gothic novels. However, some certain elements of Frankenstein can be determined as gothic, even though other parts may not fit the pattern.

Extra Credit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Extra Credit - Essay Example At the beginning of the 21st century, the amount of money in the entire world’s savings—including retirement funds, insurance funds, central bank savings, and other funds—went from $36 trillion to $70 trillion. That $36 trillion was the result of hundreds of years of growth, and then suddenly there was this unheard of expansion of funds, because countries like India and Saudi Arabia were making a lot more money and adding to that pool of savings. Before 2000, investors would do everything they could to protect their investments, and would put their money into safe investments such as municipal bonds. Then, when the funds nearly doubled, the investors ran out of places to invest their money, because although the money looking for investment opportunity doubled, the available good investments did not double. So when the demand for investments couldn’t be met, someone had to create a product that would provide more investment opportunities and meet that deman d. What happened next was what Malcolm Gladwell calls a â€Å"tipping point,† or a sudden rise of an idea or behavior that spreads epidemically, because â€Å"ideas and products and messages and behaviors spread just like viruses do† (Gladwell 7). The solution that the financial industry came up with was to identify a new source of consumer by making mortgage loans available to people with bad credit and low income. That way, investments could be made based on the interest that would be earned on these mortgages: roughly 5-9%, instead of the meager 1% available elsewhere. With such a huge demand, mortgage agents had to go find new people to mortgages, until finally in 2003, basically everyone who was qualified to get a mortgage already had one. Then another level of standards had to be introduced, and this involved NINA (no income no assets), stated income verified asset loans, and stated income, stated assets loans. People no longer even had to prove their income, they could simply say that

Metaphysics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Metaphysics - Article Example Metaphysics Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy whose primary focus is to respond to the enquiry ‘What is there?’ In a collection of his works, the most detailed treatise on the general topic of things ta phusika (from which English derives ‘physics’). Since the Greek for ‘after’ is meta, this treatise is titled ‘Metaphysics’. The metaphysics takes into account the material as well as immaterial objects like, property, subject, change, being essentially or accidentally. Three ancestors highly inspired Platos thoughts on metaphysics and epistemology, Heraclitus (c. 540 B.C.-480-70), Parmenides (c.515 B.C.-449-40), and Socrates (470 B.C.-399). Only few extracts of the writings of Parmenides and Heraclitus, including some contained in the dialogues of Plato. Socrates did not write anything. Platos work, influenced by that of his teacher is our primary source of evidence for his philosophy. Parmenides argued that there is and could be only one thing, Being. Furthermore, since change implies that something comes into existence from non-existence, nothing can change. This implies that the reality is static. Plato wrote at different times different dialogues. Usually, his writings is divided into three phases. In the early ‘Socratic’ phase, we find Apology, Crito, Euthyphro, Charmides, Ion, Lysis, Laches, Hippias Minor, Menexenus, Euthydemus and the Protagoras. The Hippias Major, Gorgias and perhaps the Meno belong to the end of this period, maybe with the Gorgias and more likely the Meno verging into the middle phase.

Historical Report on race Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical Report on race - Research Paper Example Today, you hear people speaking Spanish in very street you walk through in the cities of the United States of America. Hispanic Americans or Latinos originated in the Latin America and Spain. Hispanic American refers to the people of Spanish-speaking ancestry, while Latino refers to the people of Latin American origin. The history of Hispanic Americans in the US dates back to 16th century when Spanish ships sailing through Pacific Coast to Oregon. Hispanic Americans were the first racial group to reach the Mississippi River, the Appalachian Mountains and Great Plains. Spaniards created the first local settlement in continental America at St. Augustine in Florida in 1565 while other settlements in Virginia, Plymouth Colony, San Antonio, San Diego and Los Angeles followed later in the century (Jim, 2011). During the American Revolutionary war, Spain aided America since Spain held about half of the continental America territory. Through treaties, diplomacy and the Mexican-American War, United States increased its territory at the expense of Spain and most Hispanic Americans were pushed to the Southwestern States (Jim, 2011). Hispanic Americans account for about 17 percent of the total US population which translates to over 50 million people. Hispanic Americans is the fastest growing racial group with a population growth rate of 28.6 % which is about four times the national average of 7.2 % according to 2010 statistics. Majority of Hispanic Americans live in Puerto Rico, East Los Angeles, Texas, Miami, California and Colorado. Hispanic Americans form the second largest are the second largest racial group in the US after the White Native Americans. Hispanic Americans are still a minority group. Most Hispanic Americans originated from Latin American countries like Salvador, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico and Dominica (Jim,

1). Produce a 500 - 600 word account of an incident from your Essay

1). Produce a 500 - 600 word account of an incident from your experience that provides an example, or examples of communication processes. 2). Then write an ess - Essay Example This made Chen a sort of pariah at school, often subjected to ridicule as he did such things as taking off his shoes when entering a room or squatting on the floor even when there are chairs around. No one has exactly told Chen to his face that he was odd, but the snickering behind his back did not escape unnoticed and this made him very insecure and hostile of his surroundings. Chen and I are classmates at one of the courses he is taking and my heart goes out to him every time I see him between classes, alone and looking miserable in a corner but showing no inclination to give himself a social life on campus. Eventually, I decided to talk some sense into him, intending to persuade him that his education in globalization will not be complete if he continued keeping his distance from other people. In the process, I expected a gain a new friend. I saw the opportunity to open the conversation with Chen when I caught his eye one day as he looked up from the book he was reading on a bench at the school playground. This is more or less how I started the conversation: â€Å"All of the school notice that you keep to yourself all the time. We wish to make friends with you to make your stay in this school worthwhile; don’t you want us to be your friends, too? From the school records, I understand that you’re studying here because of a long-term goal to make good in international business. That kind of business pursuit requires that you be good at dealing with all kinds of people, you know.† After some hesitation, Chen bowed and responded: â€Å"All of you seem to be nice people, but I didn’t come here to socialize, sorry. And we Chinese deal with people our own way.† He ended the conversation then and there, indicating that I failed to communicate my intended message to him. The way the conversation turned out, I made a new enemy instead of gaining a friend. In retrospect, I realize that my choice of language and approach was at fault since I sounded

The United Nations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The United Nations - Research Paper Example Thereafter, the delegates contemplated over the primary proposals presented by the United States, United Kingdom, China, and Soviet Union. Fifty countries signed the charter on 26 June 1945; subsequently, it was also signed by Poland raising the number of original Member States to 51. The five permanent members, namely, the United States, United Kingdom, China, Soviet Union, and France and a large majority of other signatories endorsed the Charter, giving official birth to the United Nations on 24 October 1945. The name ‘United Nations’ was first conceived by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Second World War to signify the union of twenty-six nations who had assented to mutually combat against the Axis Power (Hanhimaki 13). Thereafter, the first Declaration of the United Nations was drafted on 1st January 1942. The first meeting of the Security Council, a sub-agency of the United Nations dates back to January 1946 in Methodist Central Hall Westminster, London. Initially, the organizational headquarters were based in Sperry Gyroscope Corporation in New York from 1946 until 1952. Thereafter, it was transferred to the United Nations Headquarter building in Manhattan that was specifically constructed for this purpose. Primarily, six chief languages namely English, Chinese, French, Spanish, Arabic, and Russian are used for drafting documents and conducting meetings. Originally, the United Nations was composed of six primary bodies; however, after Palau became independent, the Trusteeship Council was terminated in 1994. The other organs comprise of the Security Council, Secretariat, Economic and Social Council, General Assembly, and the International Court of Justice. Except for the International Court of Justice in Hague, the other four bodies are located in the United Nations Headquarters, New York. This fundamental deliberative assembly constitutes of all member nations who elect presidents

The Reasons that American Women Choose Abortion rather than Adoption Research Paper

The Reasons that American Women Choose Abortion rather than Adoption - Research Paper Example In the US, however, it seems that all the debates were directed towards, legalizing abortions and giving women mandate to handle their own lives. Policymakers, on the other hand, advocate for the abolition of abortion, if the country has to plan its future appropriately. In America, most women seem to exercise their right to make personal decisions in relation to having abortions or not. Whether legal or not, what is evident is that abortion is taking place each and every day in the society. Regardless of age, women opt to have abortions, just with the slightest thought that their lives may end up being miserable. This essay shall highlight the major factors that lead to many women in the U.S.A. going for abortions rather than adoption. The research will be based on evidence from reliable and valid sources. The research will also focus on research conducted by CDC and the Alan Guttmacher Institute, on abortion in the U.S.A. Conclusively, the paper shall offer a concluding remark on the need to focus more on adoption issue, and whether it can solve the rising abortion cases. The issue of abortion has hit the headlines for a long time now. Various analysts and researchers hold varying views regarding this topic. Studies indicate that in America, the numbers of women who seek the abortion is increasing by the day. Whether induced, forced or lured into conducting abortions, the fact remains that abortion is not on its way towards reduction but moves up the ladder as each day passes. From a study, on a number of women in The United States of America, the majority of the women embrace the view that conducting abortions is not murder but just elimination of tissue that is not yet developed.  

Citizenship of organizations, nations and the planet- Rights and Responsibilities Essay Example for Free

Citizenship of organizations, nations and the planet- Rights and Responsibilities Essay Man is a social animal. The history of mankind is the history of evolving societies, civilizations and nations. These are the various levels of groups a person exists as a citizen of, where he cooperates with others to fulfil and increase his own needs and potential and therefore developing that group as a whole. Hence, an individual is tied to his social moorings which provide him certain rights for his own self development and also demand from him certain responsibilities for the well being and sustainability of the society as a whole. These rights and responsibilities are indispensable for any organisation to exist and develop. The rights have also evolved as society has progressed. Earlier in the days when democracy did not exist, a king or a dictator did not need to worry much about rights of his citizens. But democracy is based on will of people. In a democratic government, a citizen gets his rights which are fundamental to his well being and growth. Hence, in India our constitution makers provided us with fundamental rights which we did not enjoy when india was not a democratic nation. Similarly, when industrialisation had emerged in western Europe, the rights of the workers was not given much credence to. They lived in miserable conditions, with very long working hours and less leisure. But today, every organisation provides its workers safe working environment as a right. Today, as the twenty-first century enters its second decade the world has shrunk in a space becoming a global village.The ancient Indian notion encapsulated in the sanskrit dictum ‘vasudhaiva kutumbakam’( the world is a family ) has never been truer.Today, its not realistic to think only in terms of ones own country .The exchange of ideas and goods are taking place everywhere in the world with ever greater frequency,speed and ease.The safety of people everywhere not only depends on local security forces,but also on guarding against terrorism.What happens in other parts of the world affect other nations too. We are becoming citizens of a unified planet. Under this perspective, the united nations formulated the Human rights which  are fundamental for the existence of a citizen irrespective of race, gender or geography like right to live with security, right against slavery. If a government denies its citizens these basic rights for example in a genocide, UN can intervene to restore peace and a legitimate government. Likewise it sends directives to its member nations on how they can perform better so that the citizens have better life. A citizen needs to take full responsibility towards Organization, Nation as well as Planet.People everywhere increasingly connected through travel,trade and the internet. World is so closely knitted today that a fire that starts in a remote thatched in one corner of a village can melt the steel girders of the tallest skyscrapers at the other end of our global village. The impact of 9/11 was felt all around the world or the impact of recession that was felt all around the world in 2008 due to the failure of Lehman brothers and Bear stearns .The impact that one citizen, organization or nation creates around the world cannot be ignored in such an interdependent world .We can no longer afford the luxury of not thinking about the impact on the planet in anything we do . The problems that the world is facing today like terrorism ,of the proliferation of weapons of mass destructions,global warming ,contagious disease, poverty, mass illiteracy and massive displacement cannot be addressed by one or a group of country alone .Today nations around the world find them vulnerable to threats from beyond once borders counterfeiters of currency,drug smugglers,child traffickers,pirates ,credit-card crooks and even imported diseases such as swine flu. Such problems required solutions that transcends all boundaries and it can only happen when one think himself as a global citizen and realize their rights and responsibilities towards the planet. Citizenship is the status of a person recognised under the law of a state that bestows on that person the rights and the duties of citizenship. Rights and responsibilities complement each other.It has been rightly said with great power also comes great responsibilities.Rights and respondibilities both should be enjoyed actively .Active citizenship is the  philosopy that citizens would work towards the betterment of society through economic participation, volunteer work and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. A right has not be enjoyed by an individual at the cost of other’s right. A right pertains to an individual’s liberty but to sustain and develop equality in a society, responsibilities or duties are must to be followed by the citizens. If we have a right to free speech, then it becomes our responsibility to moderate our speech so that it does not incite hatred between groups and communities. Keeping this in view, India incorporated fundamental duties as well in its constitution to complement the rights. Now corporates which thrive on lands and forests occupied earlier by other communities, they have to share their riches with those people in the form of corporate social responsibility. Mahatma gandhi had aptly said that the world has enough to fulfil everyone’s need but not enough to fulfil anyone’s greed. In today’s world where resources are scarce, these words of his have become highly relevant. In the name of development, we are polluting our air and cutting down our forests. We are threatening the livelihood of various communities which sustain on these lands. This has led to widespread social tensions resulting into violence. The corporates and other players are forgetting their responsibilities towards the society. Their rights to do business must be in harmony with the rights of citizens whose livelihood gets affected. Many Management literates have investigated the notion of Citizenship from three perspective-an Organizational Citizenship (where the efforts are undertaken by the employees to behave as good citizens within their organization); from a social perspective with the notion of Corporate Citizenship (where initiatives are undertaken by businesses to act responsibly in society in particular and the Nation in general) and last but not the least from the planet perspective with the notion of Environment Citizenship (where efforts should be undertaken by Individuals/entity to be responsible towards environmental protection). At the organization level citizens should strive for sustainable development . There should be effort towards a future state for human societies in which living conditions and resource-use meet human needs without undermining the sustainability of natural systems and the environment, so that future generations may also have their needs met. Central coalfield Limited(CCL) as a responsible organization in making citizens partner in progress. Major corporate social responsibility(CSR) activity of Central Coalfield Limited (CCL) 1. CCL has adopted 2 villages in the nearby vicinity in which Rs. 50 lac was provided for setting up a Solar Light Generating Unit. 2. CCL has organized 25 medical camps in the adopted villages, in which 2644 persons were benefitted. 3. CCL has constructed/ repaired 17 rural roads, built/ repaired 21 rural schools and 20 community centers have been constructed/ repaired. 4. 11 visually impaired girl students of Brajkishore Netrahin Balaika vidyalia have been adopted by CCL for their education and Health Care. 5. For providing the supply of drinking water, 84 works with respect to digging of hand pumps, installation of hand pumps, wells, ponds etc. were undertaken by CCL giving benefit to 105 villages. 6. 335 health camps were organized in different villages of CCL in which 52309 people were benefited. 7. CCL has started operation JYOTI to eradicate reversible blindness in command areas and 2511 persons have been operated so far. 8. An amount of Rs. 3.70 Cr. was provided to state Government for construction of Bridge on Ray-Tandwa- Khilari Road. 9. Rs. 81.38 lac was provided to Jharkhand state for De-Silting of Kanke Dam, Ranchi.

Discourse Analysis of Opening Speeches at Shangri La

Discourse Analysis of Opening Speeches at Shangri La INTRODUCTION Rationale Under the growing trend towards globalization, English is known as the most preferable language used in every field of mans life. No one can deny the usefulness of this language in enhancing international communication among individuals, organizations, as well as nations in this fast-changing world. Not surprisingly, English is a tool for countries all over the world to participate fully in the international network. Giving speech play an important role in any kind of forums, especially in summit conferences like Shangri-La Dialogue. A good speech will show the intentions, feelings, emotions, expectation and even the criticism of the speaker to his audiences. Thus, in order to have an effective and successful speech Shangri-La Dialogue, the speakers have to provide clear and relevant messages. In addition, their intellect, understanding, political stance and consistency need to be performed when the speakers give speech. Besides, the speakers attitude also plays an essential part in making the address more effectively, vividly and persuasively. Not only that the goal of persuasion, the messages are more persuasively and powerfully delivered. I realize that there are so many interesting things that need to be studied in speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. There has been no research so far in Vietnam, to my knowledge, offering a discourse analysis of speeches in Shangri-La dialogues. From these factors, I have decided to choose Adiscourse analysis of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues as the topic of my M.A thesis because of its importance and significance. This thesis is carried out with the hope that the research will be a contribution to present linguistic knowledge and provide Vietnamese learners of English, especially students in the press and diplomatic fields with some useful information about the linguistic features of speeches in political forums. Aims and objectives Aims of the study The study aims to investigate the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. Objectives This paper is designed to aim at the following objectives: To examine the discourse features of opening speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. To study the significant effect of discourse features on opening speeches ( the contents of speech, the intention and attitude of the lecturerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) To discuss about the results of the findings so that a generalization of the language can be made. To suggest some implications for teaching English to Vietnamese learners especially students of the diplomacy and press fields. Scope of the Study Within a limited scope of an M.A thesis, this research will focus on studying the discourse topics, the cohesive devices and the stylistic devices of opening speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. Research questions In order to achieve the above mentioned aims and objectives, the research will seek to the answers for the following questions: What are the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their discourse topics? What are the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their cohesive devices? What are the discourse features of opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues in terms of their stylistic devices? Organization of the study The study is organized into five chapters as follows. Chapter 1, Introduction presents the rationale, the aims and objectives, the research questions to solve, the scope and the organization of the research. Chapter 2, Literature Review and Theoretical Background consists of two parts. The first part is a review of previous studies related to this thesis. The second one is concerned with theoretical concepts of terms : discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. Chapter 3, Methods and Procedures concerns itself with the research method, procedure of data collection, description of samples, data analysis and research procedures. Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion discusses the main purpose of conducting this study. It focuses on answering the research questions about the discourse topics, cohesive devices, and stylistic devices of opening speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. It presents the results and discusses the findings of the study. Chapter 5, Conclusion and Recommendation draws conclusions and suggests some implications basing on the results in previous chapter. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Literature Review Discourse Analysis (DA) is a modern linguistic discipline that covers a wide variety of different fields. Discourse analysis examines language in use both written texts of all kinds and spoken data from conversation to highly institutionalized forms of talk. Analysis of discourse looks not only at the basic level of what is said, but takes into consideration the contexts which it is used. Thus, discourse analysis not only study language use beyond the sentence boundar, but also analyze naturally occurring language use. It means that discourse analysis is one of the aspects which attract the interest of many linguists and researchers all over the world. Under the heading of discourse analysis, there have been a lot of studies dealing with a wide range of its subfields such as coherence, cohesion, context, conversation analysis, information structure, speech act theory and theme-rhyme. Up to present, many foreign scholars including Halliday and Hasan [30], Brown and Yule [18], Cook [21 ], Hatch [31], Nunan [33] have made great contributions to the field in different approaches and methods. These publications focused on one or another aspect of discourse analysis theory which gave us an overall picture of theoretical background to examine how language is in use. In Vietnam, many linguists have made great contributions to the study of discourse analysis. Tran Ngoc Them [10] has investigated in detail cohesion in Vietnamese texts with Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n Tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t and Văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n và   Lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t trong Tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t. Nguyen Duc Dan [4] and Nguyen Thien Giap [5] studied discourse analysis from a pragmatic view. Diep Quang Ban [2] has given an overall view of text and utterance especially above the sentence level. Nguyen Hoa with Nghià ªn cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©u dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  chà ­nh trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ xà £ hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i [6] and more recently Nguyen Hoa with Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n phà ª bà ¬nh [8]. Besides, there have been a number of master theses dealing with political speeches including: Le Thi Hoang Van [32] made an investigation into Linguistic Features of Antithesis in Political Speeches in English and Vietnamese. In this research, she investigated argumentation power of antithesis and stylistic features of rhetorical devices in antithesis in English political speeches and Vietnamese political speeches. Pham Khac Thu [36] did a research on Modality Markers Used in Political Speeches by US Presidents. The author investigated a wide range of modal expressions used in all the inaugural speeches of the US presidents. Nguyen Thi Hanh [35] investigated into the structure of Theme Rheme in English and Vietnamese political speeches. The study focuses on the structure of Theme Rheme in English and Vietnamese political speeches in terms of characteristics, semantic and pragmatic aspects. Nguyen Uy Dung [34] carried out an investigation into Stylistic Devices in Political Speeches by US Presidents. The study highlighted the use of Stylistic Devices in political speeches by US Presidents. Most of them studied the discourse or a small aspect of political speeches being well-prepared in written texts by the politicians. All study above gave me a useful brief knowledge about discourse and help me have an overview of language definition, language development and its branches in general, and language characteristics in details as well. Beside that, I also recognized that there are some fields which others theses do not deal with. I, myself, would like to contribute my little more effort into them. To the best of my knowledge, up to now, there is little evidence that any research on discourse analysis of opening speeches in dialogues about political issues has been done. Thus, A discourse analysis of Opening speeches at Shangri-La dialogues would be conducted with the aim of contributing a minor part to the overall picture of this field. Theoretical background The study will make use of a theoretical framework based on these following fundamental concepts. 2.2.1. Concepts of Discourse 2.2.2. Concepts of Discourse Analysis 2.2.3. Discourse topic a. Topic framework b. Presupposition pools c. Sentential topic and the presupposition pool 2.2.4. Cohesion and Coherence a. Cohesion b. Coherence 2.2.5. Stylistic Devices a. Definition of Stylistic Devices c. Notion of Common Stylistic Devices in speech b. Function of Stylistic Devices 2.2.6. An overview of a speech 3. METHOD AND PROCEDURE Research Design Descriptive method seems to be the most popular tool in doing any linguistic research since linguistics is by nature a descriptive science and the analytic method is typically used to clarify and justify their features. As mentioned above, the aim of this study was to describe and analyze speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. Descriptive and qualitative methods were used to give a detailed description of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues. Quantitative information was also collected to show the frequency of the discourse features of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues along with qualitative information about the discourse features of a speech. Data collection and data analysis Data Collection The data of the study appeared in the form of transcripts of Shangri-La dialogues on the Internet which are based on the criteria defined. They were selected mainly from the following website on August, 2015: https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri-s-la-s-dialogue/speeches https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/sld12-43d9 https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2013-c890 http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2011-4eac https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2010-0a26 https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2009-99ea https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2008-2906 http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-diaogue-2007-d1ee https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2006-f1a5 https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2014 Data Analysis In this study, more than 14 samples of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues selected for the analysis are in the form of written texts in the sources provided. After collecting these samples of answer, they are analyzed in terms of their discourse topics, cohesive devices and stylistic devices. All samples are shown in the following table: Order Date of Opening Dialogues Speaker Length 1st 30 May 2003 Lee Kun Yew 41:32 2nd 30 May 2003 Lee Kun Yew 37:26 3rd 4 June 2004 Goh Chok Tong 40:35 4th 3 June 2005 Lee Hsien Loong 32:45 5th 2 June 2006 Lee Hsien Loong 37:12 6th 1 June 2007 Lee Hsien Loong 45:23 7th 30 May 2008 Lee Hsien Loong 28:50 8th 29 May 2009 Kevin Rudd 36:48 9th 4 June 2010 Lee Myung-Bak 43:15 10th 3 June 2011 John Chipman 30:22 11th 1 June 2012 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 26:18 12th 31 May 2013 Nguyen Tan Dung 25:00 13th 30 May 2014 John Chipman 50:17 14th 29 May 2015 Lee Hsien Loong 38:16 Research procedures The research was conducted with the procedures as follows: Identifying the research topic to study by reviewing the previous studies thoroughly. Collecting documents related to the research in the library and other sources from the Internet. Collecting samples of speeches used in Shangri-La dialogues from the Internet. Presenting, describing and analyzing the data in order to find out discourse feature of speeches. Suggesting some implications for language users and further research. The study will be carried out following these steps: Time Work Place April-Sept, 2015 Working on proposal literature review Ä aklak Sept-Nov, 2015 Data collection + initial analysis Ä aklak Nov-Dec, 2015 Analysis Ä aklak Jan, 2016 Update literature review Ä aklak Feb-May, 2016 Writing up Ä aklak June, 2016 Completing first draft Ä aklak July, 2016 Updating first draft Ä aklak July, 2016 Finishing writing MA thesis Ä aklak Aug, 2016 Presenting MA thesis Ä aklak Reliability and Validity In terms of reliability, the source selected to be analyzed is derived from the Internet in English. Regarding validity, this study meets all required criteria. In order to answer the two formulated research questions, the observation and investigation techniques have been chosen to be the main instruments for data collection. The samples are taken from famous English political speeches by a large number of prominent representatives of each nation. REFERENCES In Vietnamese [1] Dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡p Quang Ban (1999), Văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n và   lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t trong tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, NXB Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c, Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [2] Dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡p Quang Ban (2003), Giao tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿p, văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n, mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡ch là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡c, lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t, NXB Khoa hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Xà £ hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [3] Dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡p Quang Ban (2009), Giao tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿p, dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n và   cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥u tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡o cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ §a văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n, Nxb Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c. [4] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©c Dà ¢n (1998), Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c, Nxb Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c, Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [5] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Thià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n Già ¡p (2000), Dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥ng hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯, Nxb Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Quà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc gia Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [6] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hoà   (1999), Nghià ªn cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©u dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  chà ­nh trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ xà £ hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i trà ªn tÆ ° lià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u bà ¡o chà ­ tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Anh và   tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i, Luà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n à ¡n tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿n sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¹ Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ văn. [7] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hà ²a (2003), Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n: Mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ và ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  là ½ luà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n và   phÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng phà ¡p, Nxb Ä HQG Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [8] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hoà   (2006), Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n phà ª bà ¬nh, Nxb Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Quà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc gia Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [9] Nguyà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n Hà ²a (2008), Phà ¢n tà ­ch dià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦n ngà ´n: Mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ và ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥n Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  là ½ luà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­n và   phÆ °Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ¡ng phà ¡p, Nxb Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Quà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc gia Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. [10] Trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Thà ªm (1998), Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n Tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, NXB Già ¡o dà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥c. [11] Trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Thà ªm (1985), Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i: NXB KHXH. [12] Trà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c Thà ªm (2000), Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng lià ªn kà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t văn bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £n tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ng Vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t, NXB GiaÃÅ' o duÃÅ' £c. In English [13] Algeo, J., Pyles, T., Wadsworth, T. (2005), The Origins and Development of the English Language, Heinle. [14] Austin, J.L. (1955), How to do things with words, Oxford University Press. [15] Beaugrand, R. and Dresser, W. (1981), Introduction to Text Linguistics, London / New York: Longman. [58] Pham Khac Thu (2010), An Investigation into Modality Markers Used in Political Speeches by US Presidents, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [16] Biber, D., Conrad, S. Leech, G. (2002), Longman student grammar of spoken and written English, (3rd Ed.) England: Pearson Education Limited. [17] Borsley, R. (1999) Syntactic Theory, Second Edition, Arnold, A Member of the Hodder Headline Group [18] Brown, G. and Yule, G. (1983), Discourse Analysis, Cambridge University Press. [19] Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press [20] Coates, J. (1983), The Semantics of Modal Auxiliaries, London/Canberra: Croom Helm. [21] Cook, G. (1989), Discourse, Oxford University Press, Oxford. [22] Crystal, D. (1992), Introducing Linguistics, Penguin, Harlow. [23] Dontcheva-Navrà ¡tilova, O. (2005), Grammatical Structures in English: Meaning in Context, Brno: Masaryk University. [25] Erhman, M. (1966), The meanings of the modals in present-day American English, The Hague:Mouton Co. [26] Galperin, I.R. (1977), Stylistics, Moscow: Higher School [27] Gee, P. (1999), An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method, London, Routledge [28] Gee, P., Green, J. (1998), Discourse analysis, learning, and social practice: A methodological study, Review of Research in Education. [29] Goffman, E. (1981), Forms of talk, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [30] Halliday, M.A.K., Hasan, R. (1976), Cohesion in English, London: Longman. [31] Hatch, E. (1992), Discourse and Language Education, Cambridge University Press. [32] Le Thi Hoang Van (2008), An Investigation into Linguistic Features of Antithesis in Political Speeches in English and Vietnamese, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [33] Nunan, D. (1993), Introducing Discourse Analysis, Penguin Group. [34] Nguyen Uy Dung (2010), An Investigation into Stylistic Devices in Political Speeches by US Presidents, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [35] Nguyen Thi Hanh (2012) , An investigation into the structure of Theme Rheme in English and Vietnamese political speeches, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [36] Pham Khac Thu (2010), An Investigation into Modality Markers Used in Political Speeches by US Presidents, MA Thesis, The University of Danang. [37] Widdowson, H.G. (1978), Teaching English as Communication, Oxford. [38] Widdowson, H.G. (1994), Linguistics, Oxford University Press. [39] Wright, L. Hope Jonathan (1996), Stylistics-A Practical Course Book, Routledge. [40] Yule, G. (1996), Pragmatics, Oxford University Press. [41] Yule, G. (1997), The study of language, Cambridge University Press. [42] Yule, G. (2006), Oxford practice Grammar Advanced with Answers, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Websites [43] https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri-s-la-s-dialogue/speeches [44] https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/sld12-43d9 [45]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la dialogue-2013-c890 [46]http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2011-4eac [47]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2010-0a26 [48]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2009-99ea [49]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la-dialogue-2008-2906 [50]http://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la diaogue-2007-d1ee [51]https://www.iiss.org/en/events/shangri%20la%20dialogue/archive/shangri-la dialogue-2006-f1a5

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Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are created from organic material that was created millions of years ago. Petroleum, a fossil fuel gets its name from two words, "petra" meaning rock and "oleum" which means oil. Petroleum is drilled in order to search for oil. Also to determine the size of a reserve, as well as to produce oil and gas at a controlled rate. There are different ways to recover Petroleum. One of which is primary recovery. In this method, all flows are from natural pressure or simple pumping. The maximum recovery is thirty percent of the oil in the well. Secondary recovery pumps water or gas into the well to force oil out. Through this, an additional ten to twenty percent can be recovered. On March 11, 2002 we learned the difference between gasoline engines and diesel engines. Gasoline engines give low power, low efficiency, are quiet, have an easy cold start, cause less pollution, controlled emissions, and easily converted. Diesel engines give high power, high efficiency, are noisy, difficult cold start, more pollution, and it is more difficult to control emissions. There are severe environmental impacts from fossil fuel use. These impacts are found in all stages, recovery, transportation, refining,storage,and end use. During recovery of coal, the earth suffers destruction of topsoil as well as acidic run off creating orange creeks and land subsidence. Petroleum production causes on land and off shore drilling as well as gushers and accidents. During transportation accidents can occur and are pretty much routine. This causes massive pollution of the seas. Preparation or refining creates refuse and sludge from coal cleaning plants. With petroleum air and water pollution are caused. In storage, gasoline leaks in underground tanks at gas stations are a threat. During end use, pollutants from combustion occur. Also, the release of sulfur and nitrogen oxides pose a threat. On March 18,2002 we learned of measures to reduce the environmental pollution from fossil fuel use.

Coca Cola in Africa Essay

1. Why is Coca-Cola so interested in Africa, which is typically regarded as part of the base of the global economic pyramid? Coca-Cola is an organization that has been around since 1892. Coca-Cola is looking for new emerging growth markets and Africa has proven to be that. Combined, 12 of the African countries have a GDP greater than that of Chine. Coca-Cola has 29% of the market share in Africa. 2. What unique resources and capabilities does Coca-Cola have that will help it compete well in Africa? Coca-Cola has the ability to conduct street by street campaigns, to reach the towns and villages. This will assist in improving it marketing and distributions to areas off the beaten path. The manual distribution centers will also assist to grow sales, by coaching and directing small bottlers and residents to own their sales and delivery. 3. What are the drawbacks of making such large scale commitments to Africa? Yes there are drawbacks. There are still many areas in Africa where the government and physical infrastructure is not stable. With Coca-Cola investing large amounts of money in Africa, the instability could prove disruptive to Coca-Cola operations. 4. Do stakeholders in the United States and Africa who criticize Coca-Cola have a reasonable case against it? Yes, it is a valid criticism that Coca-Cola is depleting fresh water, and encouraging environmental harmful refrigeration. Coca-Cola needs to find a way to create sustainable manufacturing that will not pillage natural resources. Why go to Africa Coca-Cola was founded in 1892, but began business in Africa in 1929. Despite the belief that Africa is unstable government, lacks infrastructure, and great conflict and turmoil, Coca-Cola decided to enter Africa and is the largest private sector employer in Africa. $12 billion was allocated towards building distribution centers and plants in Africa. Sales in the United States are declining due to the public concern over sugar. Sales in Europe and Japan are flat, while markets in China and India offer up strong completion for Coca-Cola. Africa’s middle class population is growing at a steady rate, so the disposable income is increasing. This creates an opportunity for Coca-Cola to tap into growth opportunities (Natalia Cheverri 2012). How does it work? Although there are areas in Africa lacking infrastructure, Coca-Cola operates in every country. Coca-Cola utilized a franchising manufacturing model that works perfectly for operating in Africa. Coca-Cola partnered with local licensed bottling groups to help create the product. Coca-Cola manufactures the syrup concentrate and sells to the bottlers. The bottlers add filtered water, carbonation, and sweetener to make the final product. With this model, Coca-Cola is sharing the wealth with local investors/community members. This creates sustainable business and improves community buy-in with Coca-Cola’s existence in Africa (Maritz Jaco 2010). Because partnerships are formed with local bottlers and local members of the community, there is a vested interest by the locals to keep Coca-Cola’s business successful. Through these partnerships, Coca-Cola is able to help build the socio-economic system in different towns. Distribution Coca-Cola was having difficulty distributing product to different area of Africa with no roads. In 1999, local bottlers came up with the idea to cover off the beaten path areas by any means necessary. This included distribution by bicycle, pushcart, hand-carry and even donkey-cart. This distribution method is called manual distribution and has been adopted by many organizations all over the world (Maritz Jaco 2010). Manual distribution method was even adopted by an innovative non-profit named Colalife. This organization distributes medicine all over the continent of Africa. Summary Coca-Cola took a gamble in making the decision to enter Africa. This gamble has paid off, because Coca-Cola is now one of the largest organizations in Africa and sees growth profits. References: Maritz, Jaco (2010), â€Å"Report: Doing Business in Africa, the Coca-Cola way† http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/doing-business-in-africa-the-coca-cola-way/2433/. Date accessed May 17, 2013. Steakley, Lia (2013), â€Å"Using the Coca-Cola supplier network to distribute medicines in Africa,† http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2013/04/26/using-the-coca-cola-supplier-network-to-distribute-medicines-in-africa/. Date accessed May 17, 2013 Cheverri, Natalia (2012) â€Å"Coca-Cola in Africa,† http://www.thepolisblog.org/2012/03/coca-cola-in-africa.html

Ethics in Decision Making Essay

Decision making or the process of choosing among alternatives is practiced by almost all individuals (Mingst, 2001). In almost every situation people is faced with the idea of making decisions whether it is as simple as choosing what clothes to buy up to life changing choices like deciding on a particular career path. This kind of act is not always as simple as it looks like especially when decisions are perceived according to particular factors that affect it. The choices that a person made are often influenced by many factors and one of which is the idea of ethics. Ethics is a set of standards that directs an individual on how to act in certain situations. The idea of ethics is often confused with feelings, law, religion, science, and cultural norms. These concepts influenced ethics in one way or another but these are not synonymous with it. Ethical standards are derived from five sources namely: Utilitarian Approach, Rights Approach, Fairness or Justice Approach, Common Good Approach, and Virtue Approach (Santa Clara University, 2007). The Utilitarian Approach emphasizes the idea that ethical action gives greater good and minimal harm. This approach is after the results of particular decisions that it should strived to give more advantageous effects rather than adverse consequences. A good example of this is ethics in corporation that aim to produce more beneficial results for everyone in the company (Santa Clara University, 2007). The Rights Approach is a source of ethical standards that gives high regards in respecting and protecting the moral rights of those people concern. This can be rooted from the idea that the very essence of an individual’s humanity that enables him/her to make decisions for oneself entitled each one of them to a sense of dignity. Based on this dignity, their rights as individuals should be given due importance. These rights also come with its corresponding duties and one of which is to respect the rights of other people as well (Santa Clara University, 2007). The Fairness or Justice Approach is based on the arguments of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers that â€Å"all equals should be treated equally†. Ethical actions should treat individuals equally but if there is inequality then there should be a defensible standard as to such. A corporate environment is a best example of such approach because workers are paid according to their productivity and contribution to the company, which is perceived as fair. However, there is contention when it comes to the CEOs of companies because their salary is many times larger than the others which make such disparity unfair for some (Santa Clara University, 2007). The Common Good Approach gives value in the importance of life. They believe that the very idea of life is good which is why ethical actions should contribute to the well-being of that life. The intermingling of societal relationships as well as the respect and care for others especially the marginalized are emphasized. Furthermore, this approach also highlights the importance of conditions that bring common good (Santa Clara University, 2007). The Virtue Approach is considered as a very ancient way of looking at ethical actions. Certain virtues are to be followed in order to attain the full development of human beings. These virtues are needed in order to reach the full potential of ones character. Questions like â€Å"What kind of person will I become if I do this? † or â€Å"is this action consistent with my acting at my best? † are taken into consideration in this approach (Santa Clara University, 2007). These aforementioned sources of ethics could be applied in the process of decision making especially with the individuals or decision makers that are involved within the process. Decision makers have various motivations and characteristics that affect their choices. There are two types of motivation namely the â€Å"in-order-to motives† and the â€Å"because-of-motives†. The â€Å"in-order-to motives† explains that a decision maker will choose a particular decision in order to accomplish a certain objective (Mingst, 2001). Ethics could highly influence this kind of motivation especially in terms of the Utilitarian, Virtue, and Common Good approaches. The Utilitarian approach is manifested in the â€Å"in-order-to motives† because if an individual will make a decision based on an objective of producing more good rather than harm then it already fulfils an ethical action in the Utilitarian perspective. In terms of the Virtue approach, ethics is seen in the motivation of the decision maker when the choices made are based on an objective that helps the development of an individual towards its full potential. The Common Good approach also asserts ethics because actors are influenced to choose decisions that will bring about the greater good to the most number of people. On the other hand, the â€Å"because-of-motives† arises from the â€Å"unconscious or semiconscious motives or impulses arising out of previous life experience or inner values, interests, or drives of the decision maker† (Mingst, 2001). Ethical action becomes possible in the decisions made by an individual based on the ideas of the Rights Approach and the Fairness or Justice Approach. The Rights Approach exemplified the moral rights of the people that should be respected and protected. These rights motivate the decision maker to make choices that will uphold these values. Similarly, the Fairness or Justice Approach also influences the motive of the decision maker by putting in mind the idea of what is equal from what is not especially if such idea is something that the individual values or has interests on. According to the assumptions of the Decision Making Theory, a rational actor plays a vital role in the decision making wherein that individual is well-aware of the list of available alternatives and capable of calculating each option’s possible results and has the freedom of choice to select the one with the highest preferential value. However, the biographical knowledge of the decision maker has a crucial role in the choices that will be made. Factors such as a person’s educational background, religion, life experiences, mental and physical health as well as other activities could explain the interests and values of the decision maker (Mingst, 2001). An individual decision maker is already influenced by numerous factors that affect its decisions which make decision making for a collective entity of diverse people more complicated. A population would have various and sometimes conflicting interests and basically different decisions. In such case, the important factor for this diverse population to successfully arrive at a most advantageous decision is to acquire consensus. Consensus building is an important factor for the decision making process of a diverse population. Since they have numerous interests and motives they need to be able to arrive at a decision that everybody will benefit from even if it means having to compromise at times. In doing so, they also need an appropriate leader that would collaborate their interests. A democratic form of leadership is a good example of how the process of decision making takes place in a diverse population (Bissessar, 2004). The interests of its citizens are represented through party system as well as by elected political leaders. However, numerous party systems is still not that easy to manage which is why a rational and appropriate leader is still needed that would be able to make sound decisions for its citizens. The decision maker is the most important part of the decision making process. The motives, interests as well as the background of this rational actor are vital in order to understand the choices that are made. Being the case, ethical standards is also one of the factors that influenced these decisions. This also applies in the decision making of diverse population because they need consensus building in order to embody their various and sometimes conflicting interests. In doing so, it also need an appropriate leader that would collaborate their interests and implements the decision.Ethical standards and the other factors that influence the decision maker have a big part in the selection of sound decisions. References Bissessar. A. M. (2004). Globalization and Governance: Essays on the Challenges for Small Countries. North Carolina: McFarland. Santa Clara University. (2007). A Framework for Thinking Ethically. Retrieved 14 May 2008, from http://www. scu. edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework. html. Mingst, K. (2001). Essentials of International Relations. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Discrimination Against Minority Groups Essay

I am writing to express my grave concern over discrimination against minority groups in our society. Hong Kong is a multicultural and religiously diverse territory. By the way, there is still some conflicts exist between different religion. The minority always have an unfair treatment. Domestic helper is an example of it, the salary of them is much lower than the legitimate minimum wage set up in few days ago. Besides, the minority children always become the target who were laughed at and bullied in school. These problems make me cannot ignore what they are facing. But now, the government’s policy is not enough to solve the problem. Recognizing the urgency of the discrimination problem against the minority group, the government should tackle on all fronts, including publicity, education and policy enforcement spending on racial harmony. First, we should intensify the public knowledge toward different belief and race, to avoid misunderstand between different culture. The effectiveness of education on discriminate prevention cannot be overemphasized. The best way to change is to reform from the heart. The government should endeavor to do more to educate the public about the grave consequences of at loggerheads between races. It may affect the whole community, the drawback may much serious than that you think. To foster the racial harmony, government can do it through the media, such as newspapers, advertisements, radio etc. these can spread the idea of â€Å"we are one†, in Hong Kong it should not divide into different group, we all live in Hong Kong, all of us want our home become better, so we should work together to improve of city, but not make some troubles to it. Finally, government should put our resources to help the small group in our society. Government should treat them as our locals in all aspect, our law should also provide support and protection to them. And for their children, we should also lead a hand to them on language learning. Many of them  because failed in the DSE Chinese, lose the chance get into school, I think government can set up some Chinese class for engagement. If such publications or behaviors persist, there will be no return way. It is time for the relevant parties to join heads and rectify this weird phenomenon. Yours faithfully, Chris Wong

Domino’s Pizza, Inc

Domino's Pizza, Inc. is an international pizza delivery corporation headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1960, Domino’s Pizza is the second-largest pizza chain in the United States. In 1960, Tom Monaghan and his brother, James, purchased DomiNick's, a small pizza store in Ypsilanti, Michigan. The deal was secured by a $75 down payment and the brothers borrowed $500 to pay for the store. Eight months later, James traded his half of the business to Tom for a used Volkswagen Beetle. As sole owner of the company, Tom Monaghan renamed the business Domino's Pizza, Inc. in 1965. In 1967, the first Domino's Pizza franchise store opened in Ypsilanti. Tom Monaghan original goal was to open three pizza delivery stores. That’s why there are three dots on Domino’s logo. Domino’s Pizza continued to grow and in 1978 opened its 200th store. Tom Monaghan launched Domino's Pizza Malaysia in September 1997. Franchising in Malaysia is still in the early stages while fast foods dominate the franchising sector with an estimated annual sales exceeding RM1. 3 billion. With the people’s growing appetite for fast food, the market outlook is good. The rapid growth of the fast-food industry brings both benefits and threats to our society. Normally, fast food restaurant is offering fried chickens, burgers, sandwiches or pizzas. Further more, there are only a few pizza chains in Malaysia like Domino’s Pizza, Pizza Hut and Shakey’s Pizza. Today, Domino’s Pizza is having more than 8,500 stores at all around the world and making a profit of USD35 billion per year. Domino's Pizza is the recognized world leader in pizza delivery operating a network of company-owned and franchise-owned stores in the United States and international markets. Domino's Pizza's vision illustrates a company of exceptional people on a mission to be the best pizza delivery company in the world.

Indian Economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Indian Economy - Research Paper Example Another feature of an emerging market is proper governance and India is being governed by a very rational and open-minded parliament. Some credit also goes to Indian army for that as India has never faced Military coups or any other embarrassing situation like that where power is snatched from the representative of the people and given to one sole dictator. This economics stability has earned India a title of "Largest democracy in the world". One must keep in mind is that economic stability is imperative for fast growth. The reason behind why countries around India who are blessed with the same natural characteristics as India and high populations have never been able to reach the level of India, when it comes to economic growth. Almost all countries surrounding India suffer from instable political system and periods of military coups occasionally, but the real credit goes to patriotic Indian army, which has never been temped into launching a coup against their own people. This has e arned India a escalated position not only in the Asian economics but also in the world economics, where Indian case studies adorn the history, present and future. (theindianpolitics, 2009) A land of around 1.5 billion people, India's climb in the social and economic spheres has been tremendous over the past few years. During this time, India has grown from strength to strength. Proving all its doubters wrong, India is reaching great new heights at a very fast pace. This growth of India is not confined only to their economy, but let it be any facet; India is growing rapidly in an attempt to escalate to nadir. India is leaving its mark on just economic progress and development but all sphere of life or all fields where it can grow any further. For example, social growth of India can be judged by the fact that entire Asia is intimating European culture, but Europe and Western Nations are intimating India's culture. India's film industry, "bollywood" has penetrated western market and became the second largest film industry of the world after Hollywood. This great success of bollywood and Indian culture has given India exposure to far flung areas and contributed heavily in the recognition of India all around the world. As a result of all this factors and blessed with tremendous amount of useful natural resources, such as cheap and skilled labor, tropical climate, great fertile land etc. (Vyas, 2003) India has become a business hub and all trading and business activities are diverting towards India. Owing to all these factors and great trust shown by the foreign investor towards India, Bombay Stock Market is growing around 17% annually which is comparable to the richest stock markets like New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) etc. Apart from the rise in Money markets such as stock exchange, India has also grown four-fold in its retail sectors. Almost every product whether big or small, technological or manual, mechanical or electrical is being produced in India and is being distributed through a well-developed chain of proper infrastructure and distribution channel. This organized retail sector is dominated by industrial and manufacturing giants like Tata, Pantaloons, Reliance and AirTel. These firm have made India recognizable allover the world. India's recent economic trends have forced even the most cautious of the economists to believe that India is going to be the next big economy of the world. The economy has been a star in the last few years growing from

Prison Mental Health Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prison Mental Health Services - Essay Example At mid-year 2005, more than half of all prison and jail inmates in the United States reported symptoms of a mental health problem within the last 12 months (James & Glaze, 2006).Among the state prison inmates nationwide, 43% reported symptoms that met criteria for mania, 23% reported symptoms of major depression, and 15% reported symptoms that met criteria for a psychotic disorder. (James & Glaze, 2006) Contributory factors to the higher prevalence rates of mental illness among individuals in prison include the criminalization of the mentally ill (Aderbigbe, 1977) and communication barriers between the criminal justice and mental health systems of care (Lamberti & Weisman, 2001). In addition, Satriano (2006) has described the social and contextual issues in the 1960's that were contributing factors to the imprisonment of seriously mentally ill persons, including deinstitutionalization of severely mentally ill persons in without adequate follow-up; rising levels of homelessness and substance abuse among mentally ill persons; and an anti-psychiatry movement led by Thomas Szasz and R. D. Lang who believed mental illness to be a myth and viewed psychosis to be a reactive response to a bad situation. Also, the criteria of dangerousness became necessary to involuntarily confine an individual, shifting the idea of commitment from a therapeutic concept to one that is protective of society. (Satriano, 2006) Most experts agree that the incarcerated population's mental health needs are grossly underprovided while they are incarcerated (Roskes et al., 1999). Mentally ill prisoners are more a risk for behavioral disturbances, acts of aggression, and disciplinary problems than non-mentally inmates (Rowen & Hayes, 1995). Untreated psychiatric symptoms are associated with assaults, self-injurious behavior, social withdrawal, and suicides within correctional facilities. (Hayes, 1995) The Supreme Court (Estelle vs. Gamble, 1976) established that it is unconstitutional under the eighth amendment to show indifference to the medical needs of prisoners. In Browning vs. Godwin (1977) it was determined that the right to medical treatment is not distinguishable from the right of mental health treatment. The American Psychiatric Association (2000) and the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (1999) recommend mental health screening at the time of prison intake. The efficacy of treatment for the disease of interest should be established before a standardized prison-based screening program is considered. Early treatment with psychotropic medication is critical to the successful treatment of patients with serious psychiatric disorders. In the disease of schizophrenia, for example, the recognition of early phase illness and vigorous treatment aimed at relapse prevention may improve long term prognosis (Keks, Mazumdar, & Shields, 2000). Specifically, early intervention with antipsychotic medications decreases the long term morbidity of schizophrenia (Wyatt, Damiani, & Henter, 1998) and leads to a 2.5 to 10-fold reduction in relapse rates among those given maintenance treatment with anti-psychotic medication (Davis, 1985). Other studies have shown that detection, treatment and symptom control improves rehabilitation outcomes and self-efficacy

Why is it said that power relationship in organisations entail a Essay

Why is it said that power relationship in organisations entail a Mutual Dependency Provide examples to illustrate - Essay Example While interdependednce of the power equation began primarily in terms of socialiogy (Emerson 1962), it soon came to be very instrumental in the organizational setups across the developed world. It has now been established without doubt that power is central to organizational structure (Hall 2002). Infact several sources of power have been established within organizations (Morgan 1986). These can broadly be classified as Formal authority or legitimate power- This refers to the common concept that leaders or people in the high ladders of hierarchy have authority and compliance on the part of the subordinates is mandatory. Expert power - This is power secured by the acquiring of skills and expertise in a field, that would be required by others. This is by far the most subjective base in the power model (Podsahoff and Schriesheim. 1985) Yet all these bases of power rely on interaction of groups with each other. While the benefits and disadvantages of each of these bases are still being researched, the fact that they all involve dependency and interrelationships are clear. The concept of interdependency of power is aptly described in the works of (Emerson 1962, 1964) It is vital to have an understanding of the distribution of power along both these axes. While it is relatively easy to grasp the power concept along the vertical axis, even simply by applying the model of power bases described above, power dependency along the horizontal axes is relatively harder to visualize. This however is not a reflection of its operational value in an organization.Hence the mutual dependency pattern is observed along both these axes, more obviously in the horizontal than in the vertical, but is present in both. Several examples of the power dependencies can be observed in an organization setting and we will now go on to have a look at some of them. Power dependency along the vertical axis, egs. University structures where students are clearly lower in the hierarchy ladder, provide a good example of interdependencies along the vertical axis. To a large extent students are responsible for the functioning (both financial andoperational) of universities. While the very existence of universities is with the idea of training and teaching students, it is impossible to conceive of universities without the teaching and management staff. Hence while students depend on teachers for learning, and to that extent are under the power of the teachers, the latter also depend on students for the very running of the institution which provides their livelihoods. In terms of enterprises, a

The Causes Of The Urban Unrest That Broke Out In A Number Of English Essay

The Causes Of The Urban Unrest That Broke Out In A Number Of English Cities In The Early 1980s - Essay Example By any account, the riots that broke out were caused by something; even though everyone is not in harmony about what the exact cause was. Either way, the unrest leads to several problems that could be seen by urban conflict that occurred. John Benyon is one person who tried to pinpoint the exact cause of the riots. He believed that the riots "were a consequence of the malfunctioning of the social system, of its inability to adapt to new demands, coupled with the growth of generalized beliefs which provided an account of why the system had failed and offered a new basis for reconstituted social action. These factors yielded a potential for collective violence: this became actual violence following the occurrence of a precipitator, some development which put discontent into a specific, and reinforcing, context, leading to a build-up of fear and antagonism which was eventually expressed in rioting"(Benyon). Benyon lays most of the blame on the crippling social system, and believes that it was the failure of this system that lead to the unrest that eventually broke out into violence and rioting. He likens riots to the idea of "mere hiccups which took place when social systems were unable to adjust", and believes that the riots also were to blame on the ethnic minorities which were living under these social conditions. Young black kids often found that they had to turn to lives of crime in areas such ads Brixton, due also in part to the lack of support from their families and the lack of needed work, both social conditions that lead to the unrest in these minority strong areas. Scarman however, puts a strong emphasis on the part of the local police forces, which he claims were not doing their best to reduce the crime and unrest that was stirring in Brixton. The police found themselves in a dilemma he claims, a "policing dilemma in Lambeth stemming from, on the one hand, the duty of the police to prevent and detect crime, and on the other, the need to create and sustain good relations with the ethnic minorities (Scarman). Caught between this conflict of work and interest, the police force was not adept in their duties to keep the civil unrest from boiling over into the riots that soon ensued. The police also suffered from many other criticism of how they handled the situation as it arose. The police has been accused of everything from racial prejudice, harassment, failure to stop crime, and many other accusations. Many people feel that the police area almost just as much to blame as everyone else involved in the riots, for as long as the police were not stopping the crime they were letting it expand unrestrained. Not acting against violence is just as bad as promoting it, and the inefficiency of the police force were just as responsible as the people doing the crimes. "Harassment does occur: and in Brixton even one isolated instance of misconduct can foster a whole region of rumors which rapidly become beliefs firmly held within the community", and it was this belief which became ingrained into the community. When people feel like they are being mistreated they will act like they are being mistreated, and this unrest can lead to violence and riots. One of the main areas of unrest was Brixton, and many people have spent sufficient time trying to understand and get to the bottom of the problem as it started there. Previous to the unrest that broke out in the late 1900s, Brixton was a thriving centre of worldly goods and movement, and it was hard to tell of the civil unrest that would soon breed in the upcoming years. "Brixton was a lively and prosperous place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The railway gave it excellent access to the centre of London: business and professional people

Mitigation and risk reduction (case) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mitigation and risk reduction (case) - Essay Example Despite the wide range of techniques initiated since the Lisbon earthquake, the increased population density in mega cities has impeded the efficacy of all those tactics. In addition to urbanization, there are several other impediments to preventive strategies. This paper tends to explore various elements that hamper disaster prevention programs in mega cities. Although earthquake is a natural phenomenon that cannot be averted, we can take some precautions in order to mitigate the destructive potential of its aftermath. The invention of Richter scale has enabled us for computing the magnitude of earthquakes. Today, it is possible to identify frequently earthquake occurring places and the intensity of every earthquake. Modern facilities such as earthquake alarming systems are some of the advancements in this area. However, lack of improved infrastructural deterrence techniques often affects the effectiveness of disaster prevention in mage cities. According to census reports published by Government of Maharashtra (2000) in 1991, 60% of the registered buildings in Mumbai were made up of non-engineered materials such as informal masonry. It is important to note that Mumbai is categorized under seismic zone 3, which indicates the high vulnerability to the occurrence of devastating earthquakes. The earthquake history of Mumbai reflects that large number of earthquakes occurred across different parts of the city during the last century and even in the last two years. Severe losses had not been reported until 1967 when one attacked Koyna region of Mumbai with a magnitude of 6.3. Large number of buildings was destroyed at this calamity. Damages of such sorts can be avoided to a large extent only if the city employs geotechnical guidelines for the disaster prevention. The Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (EMI) reports that â€Å"poor governance structures, lack of awareness, and poor professional standards and ethics† are some of the major impediments for dis aster prevention in mega cities (cited in Wenzel, 2006). Poor governance implies that different communities and sectors of the society do not cooperate with one another in order to mitigate the impacts of the calamity. Impediments associated with poor governance are reflected in 2004 Indian ocean earthquake. Its magnitude was between 9.1 and 9.3 and it was recorded as one of the deadliest disasters of world history, which killed nearly 230,000 people (Online Colleges, 2010). The death rate would not have exceeded 200,000 if the various social capital of a community such as media, business, and other civil organizations had coordinately involved in rescue activities. Hence, it is advisable to design proper mechanisms for the effective communication between various social sectors as it would ensure disaster effects mitigation rather effortlessly. Similarly, paucity of awareness and poor knowledge about risk factor remain to be the major constraint to disaster prevention in mega cities . Evidently, urban people do not have proper awareness regarding the occurrence of earthquakes, and hence they do not know how to respond to such situations. This lack of awareness amplifies the intensity of the calamity since the people in mega cities get totally confused and distorted during such events. For instance, the impact of 2010 Chile earthquake can be attributed to lack of awareness or poor knowledge. This earthquake continued for three minutes with a magnitude

Multicultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Multicultural Management - Essay Example artment in many areas has become accustomed to the challenges that are being posed by the diversity in the work place and as such there have been efforts to come up with ways of managing this diversity. The combination of work force demographics in the work place has been as result of increased globalization in business which has placed the management of cultural and background differences one of the leading agenda in modern times in many corporate organization. This has been due to increased heterogeneity in gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality due to mix up of people. (Vonslid, 2006) To the organization, this has an advantage of better and quicker decision making, higher creativity and innovation in the work, remarkable success in marketing in foreign communities and countries and also equal distribution of economic opportunities. However, if not well handled, it can lead to increased cost due to high turnover rates, conflicts due to interpersonal differences, and breakdown in communications. The hospitality industry is one of the industries that have a high mixture of people both in customers and in the work force. The diversity in the hospitality industry has been one of the challenges facing many firms in the industry since their survival is based on the quality of services that is offered to the customers. Diversity in the industry is also important due to the diverse customers that it serves. Hence a diverse workforce in the industry will help to serve diverse customers who are served in the industry. Managing this diverse workforce in the industry is poses a challenge in the industry’s human resource department. This paper will explore the strategies that can be used by the human resource department in the industry to successfully handle the diverse work force. The hospitality industry is one of the growing industry industries in the world. Increased globalization and increased outsourcing of businesses has been one of the driving forces in