The Ethics of Xenotransplantation Essay -- Morals Science Biology Essa

The Ethics of Xenotransplantation 1. Introduction to Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation is the process of taking cells, parts of organs, or even whole organs from one species of animal, and implanting them into another species. The FDA has given their own definition of xenotransplantation which they say is â€Å"any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human recipient of either live cells, tissues, or organs from a non human animal source, or human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live non human animal cells, tissues or organs.† The main interest of the practice is to be able to take organs from animals for the purpose of using them in humans in need of organ transplants. It is still a relatively new medical phenomena, with documented cases of the practice only taking place since 1906. 2. The Case The case at hand is whether or not we should use xenotransplantation in humans. It is a rather controversial topic that has brought up strong feelings in parties on both sides of the argument. One of the main arguments of the people who are for xenotransplantation is that there is a large shortage of organs available for transplant, and that animal organs could provide enough spares to satiate the need. A recent figure given by the FDA is that currently 13 people die per day in the U.S. because of the lack of organs available for transplant. Meanwhile, one of the arguments of those people against xenotransplantation stems from animal rights. Some people feel that it is wrong to use animals in such a way and that there is a great potential for animal abuse. A marker to the seriousness of the current need for donor organs is that ac... ...an. 1998. <http://wedge.nando.net/newsroom/ntn/health/012198/health5_26375_noframes.html> 3. United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). "U.S. Facts about Transplantation." Nov. 2000. <http://www.unos.org/Newsroom/critdata_main.htm> 4. Koshal, Arvind. "Ethics Issues in Xenotransplantation." University of Alberta. 1993? <http://www.ualberta.ca/~ethics/bb6-3xen.htm> 5. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. "FDA Approach to the Regulation of Xenotransplantation." 19 Oct. 2000. <http://www.fda.gov/cber/xap/xap.htm> 6. National Academy Press. "Xenotransplantation: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy." 1996. <http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/xeno/> 7. Michaels, Marian. "Defining the Risks and the Risk Reduction Strategies." 27 Feb. 1998. <http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/topics/xenotransplantation/2098.3896.html>

Comparison of How it happened and The Signalman Essay

The atmosphere in How it happened is full of mystery and energy. The plot moves very quickly, imitating the speed of the automobile as in the story it is said the automobile has a horse power of thirty, ‘Then I remember the big motor, with its glaring headlights and litter of polished brass, waiting for me outside. It was my thirty-horse-power Robur, which had only been delivered that day.’ It also emphasises the lack of control the driver has over it. Whereas the atmosphere in The Signalman creates both suspense and mystery. The appearances of the spirit help to create suspense as we anticipate them to lead us to the climax. However, we find out at the end of the story that the signalman was getting premonitions of his own death. The appearances are really red herrings as it is the signalman himself who dies. Whereas the biggest red herring in How it happened is how the narrator speaks from memory in the first person, fooling us into believing he must still be alive. This makes the twist at the end so much more powerful. The difference of experience between the first time reader, who is fooled into believing the narrator must still be alive and the 2nd time reader who is able to pick out things that are ironic, for example, ‘ I can live it again.’ The 2nd time reader knows he’s dead when he’s saying it. Dickens creates a strong atmosphere through the characterisation of his characters as well as his long complex sentences that can be difficult to understand. This is because of the 150 year cultural gap of reading the story. This makes differences with the way we read the story. For example, ‘The monstrous thought came into my mind, as I perused the fixed eyes and the saturnine face, that this was a spirit, not a man.’ The word ‘monstrous’ meant abnormal in 1866. This also shows Dickens’s effort to create psychological state. He also describes things very ambiguously, for example, ‘ I resumed my downward way, and stepping out upon the level of the railroad, and drawing nearer to him, saw that he was a dark sallow man, with a dark beard and rather heavy eyebrows. His post was in as solitary and dismal a place as ever I saw.’ The words underlined make the signalman difficult to imagine because if everything is dark, you would not be able to make out his features. The title How it happened is deliberately allusive to draw the reader in. But, it does immediately introduce suspense as we wonder what it refers to. Whereas the title The Signalman conveys urgency. The characterisation created in How it happened is that the narrator characterises himself as a risk taker, admitting ‘one often does foolish things’ to the reader. This adds to his sense of honesty but also makes us question his decision taking. Also, it provides tension between two ways of behaving which should interest us. Whereas the characterisation created in The Signalman is a bit different because both the characters remain shrouded in mystery and this adds to the sense of curiosity that surrounds the story. We don’t know the protagonist intimately to picture him in our mind. The themes in The Signalman include death, the supernatural and reason. Dickens sometimes uses the convention of quotation marks and sometimes does not. This reflects the contrasts of rationality and supernatural goings on. The narrator tries to give reasons to the visions that the signalman has, yet the final image of the story is of the narrator seeing the image of the signalman and the ghost himself. Dickens cleverly manipulates tension to give the final image the haunting effect. Whereas in How it happened, Arthur Conan Doyle was an apparent rationalist and he believed that after your death, you could continue to live on as a spirit. It was also believed that these spirits could communicate with the living through people known as ‘mediums’. This belief is present in the story where the narrator has survived his death in order to tell us how it happened. This idea is given more credit when we know that the story originally started with the line, ‘This story was told to me by a medium’. The story How it happened was written in 1918 and involves a high-powered automobile. This suggests to us the story must have been written about the present at the time. It is also set in London. At that time, London was still the centre of an empire and this important as the story involves aspects of modernism. Whereas the setting of The Signalman is important as Dickens goes to a lot of effort to make the story seem ghostly and surreal. Dickens was writing this story involving trains because they were the biggest and finest machines at the time and by writing the story to do with railway system he is challenging it. Dickens was also in a famous train crash. The Signalman’s job is a job of life and death. The one in the story has a reputation for being good at the job. The signalman works in a cutting and that the descent into this place is described as if one is descending to the underworld of Greek Mythology. The ‘clammy stone’ and that fact that it becomes ‘oozoer’ and ‘wetter’ helps create this sense. They key aspect of the cutting is its remoteness. The tunnel as well is described as having ‘wet stains’, suggesting that this is a place you would not want to visit. This helps to make an eerie atmosphere and makes it easier for us to imagine spirits and other ghostly aspects. The story is an intensely human story about psychological differences between two people whereas How it happened is about dealing with the physical and spirit world. The narrative voice in How it happened is in the first person and we tend to trust its honesty about the first person. This is because the narrator admits to not remembering everything clearly. ‘I can remember some things upon that evening most distinctly, and others are like some vague, broken dreams. This is what makes it so difficult to tell a connected story.’ This openness suggests we are going to hear the truth. He also blames neither the car nor Perkins for events but himself. ‘I also remember asking Perkins, my chauffeur, how she had gone, and his saying that he thought she was excellent.’ The ways he says, ‘Perkins, my chauffeur’ tell us social standing and class of narrator. The narrator gains a ghostly aspect at the end, when we find out he is dead, and this introduces the idea of Spiritualism that is key to the story. Whereas the narrative voice in The Signalman is also in the first person and we find that until the end of the story we are not sure if we can totally trust it. This is because of the ambiguities in the description of things as well as the lack of information about the narrator himself. But we can tell the visitor is a sceptic. He chooses not to believe that the bell was rung by a ghost without proof. ‘I caught at that. Did it ring your bell yesterday evening when I was here, and you went to the door?’ As readers, we side with the sceptic. The skill of the story is that most people will not agree the bell rang without sound. There is also an additional piece of irony, the sceptic doesn’t believe in the ghost but he says the same things the ghost said like ‘Halloa!’ Although he does tell us that he is ‘a man who had been shut up within narrow limits’ until ‘at last set free’. But it is difficult to understand this because we don’t know if he’s referring metaphorically to something else or talking as if he has spent a long time in prison.

Caecilians, the Snake-Like Amphibians

Caecilians are an obscure family of slender-bodied, limbless amphibians that—at first glance—resemble snakes, eels and even earthworms. Their closest cousins, however, are better-known amphibians like frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. Like all amphibians, caecilians  have primitive lungs that enable them to take in oxygen from the surrounding air, but crucially, these vertebrates also need to absorb additional oxygen through their moist skin. (Two species of caecilians lack lungs entirely, and thus are completely dependent on osmotic respiration.) Some species of caecilians are aquatic and have slender fins running along their backs that enable them to move through water efficiently. Other species are primarily terrestrial and spend much of their time burrowing underground and hunting for insects, worms and other invertebrates using their acute sense of smell. (Since caecilians need to stay moist to stay alive, they not only look but also behave much like earthworms, rarely showing their face to the world unless theyve been uprooted by a spade or a careless foot). Because they mostly live underground, modern caecilians have little use for a sense of sight, and many species have partially or entirely lost their vision. The skulls of these amphibians are pointed and consist of strong, fused bones—adaptations that enable caecilians to bore through mud and soil without doing any damage to themselves. Due to the ring-like folds, or annuli, that encircle their bodies, some caecilians have a very earthworm-like appearance, further confusing people who dont even know that caecilians exist in the first place! Oddly enough, caecilians are the only family of amphibians to reproduce via internal insemination. The male caecilian inserts a penis-like organ into the cloaca of the female and keeps it there for two or three hours. Most caecilians are viviparous--the females give birth to live young, rather than eggs--but one egg-laying species feeds its young by allowing the newborn hatchlings to harvest the outer layer of the mothers skin, which is well-stocked with fat and nutrients and replaces itself every three days. Caecilians are found primarily in the wet tropical regions of South America, Southeast Asia, and Central America. They are most widespread in South America, where they are especially populous in the dense jungles of eastern Brazil and northern Argentina. Caecilian Classification Animalia Chordata Amphibian Caecilian Caecilians are divided into three groups:  beaked caecilians, fish caecilians, and common caecilians. There are about 200 caecilian species overall; some undoubtedly have yet to be identified, lurking in the interiors of impenetrable rain forests. Because they are small and easily degraded after death, caecilians are not well represented in the fossil record and consequently not much is known about the caecilians of the Mesozoic or Cenozoic eras. The earliest known fossil caecilian is Eocaecilia, a primitive vertebrate that lived during the Jurassic  period and (like many early snakes) was equipped with tiny, vestigial limbs.

Learn About the Organ Systems in the Human Body

The human body is made up of several organ systems that work together as one unit. In the pyramid  of  life  that organizes all of the elements of life into categories, organ systems are nested between an organism and its organs. Organ systems  are the groups of organs that are within an organism. Ten major organ systems of the human body are listed below along with the major organs or structures that are associated with each system. Each system depends on the others, either directly or indirectly, to keep the body functioning normally. Once you a feeling confident in your knowledge of the organ system, try a simple quiz  to test yourself. Circulatory System Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images The main function of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients and gasses to cells and tissues throughout the body. This is accomplished by the circulation of blood. Two components of this system are the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. The  cardiovascular  system is comprised of the heart,  blood, and  blood vessels. The beating of the heart drives the cardiac cycle which pumps blood throughout the body. The  lymphatic  system is a vascular network of tubules and ducts that collect, filter and return lymph to blood circulation. As a component of the immune system, the lymphatic system produces and circulates immune cells called lymphocytes. The lymphatic organs include the  lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and tonsils. Digestive System comotion_design / Getty Images The digestive system breaks down food polymers into smaller molecules to provide energy for the body. Digestive juices and enzymes are secreted to break down the carbohydrates, fat, and protein in food. The primary organs are the mouth, stomach, intestines, and rectum. Other accessory structures include the teeth, tongue, liver, and  pancreas. Endocrine System CHRISTIAN DARKIN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images The endocrine system regulates vital processes in the body including growth, homeostasis, metabolism, and sexual development. Endocrine organs secrete hormones to regulate body processes. Major  endocrine structures include the  pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus, ovaries, testes, and  thyroid gland. Integumentary System The integumentary system protects the internal structures of the body from damage, prevents dehydration, stores fat, and produces vitamins and hormones. The structures that support the integumentary system include skin, nails, hair, and sweat glands. Muscular System Oliver Burston / Getty Images The muscular system enables movement through the contraction of muscles. Humans have three types of muscles: heart muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscles.  Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle  fibers. The fibers are bound together by  connective tissue  that is made up of  blood vessels and nerves. Nervous System Science Picture Co / Getty Images The nervous system monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds to changes in the external environment. The major structures of the nervous system include the  brain,  spinal cord, and  nerves. Reproductive System DEA PICTURE LIBRARY / Getty Images The reproductive system enables the production of offspring through sexual reproduction  between a male and female. The system is comprised of male and female reproductive organs and structures which produce sex cells and ensure the growth and development of offspring. The major male structures include the testes, scrotum, penis, vas deferens, and prostate. The major female structures include the ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands. Respiratory System LEONELLO CALVETTI / Getty Images The respiratory system provides the body with oxygen via a gas exchange between air from the outside environment and gases in the blood. The major respiratory structures  include the lungs, nose, trachea, and bronchi. Skeletal System SCIEPRO / Getty Images The skeletal system  supports and protects the body while giving it shape and form. The major structures include 206  bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. This system works closely with the muscular system to enable movement. Urinary Excretory System Stocktrek Images / Getty Images The urinary excretory System removes wastes and maintains water balance in the body. Other aspects of its function include regulating  electrolytes in body fluids and maintaining normal pH of the blood. The major structures of the urinary excretory system include the  kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters.

Heart of Darkness Study Guide Essay - 2239 Words

Heart of Darkness Study Questions Chapter 1 1. The setting of the story begins on the Nellie, a ship. The turn of the tide is significant because it gives the men on board extra time to talk, and Marlow begins telling his story. In addition, symbolically, the turning of the tide conveys a change, and perhaps, foreshadowing of the story. The author spends a lot of time dealing with light because it is the main symbol in the novella. Light and darkness are universal symbols that represent good and evil. Although not explicitly stated, those who have the light are those who are â€Å"civilized†, and those who have the darkness are those who remain â€Å"uncivilized†, particularly the people living in Africa. 2. Marlow appears different from†¦show more content†¦9. The man-of-war is a lifeless forested stretch of coast. Once they reach the Congo River, Marlow boards another ship to journey further upriver. The man-of-war portends the lifelessness of many coasts in Africa; most parts of the place appear corrupt and dreary. 10. Marlow describes the Company’s station as a â€Å"Grove of Death†, in which among the trees there are dying natives and recurring dynamite blasts. I think the natives allowed themselves to be bullied by the white men because they felt inferior. During this time, imperialism was popular and the belief that a white man was better than a black man was common. I also do not think natives had the proper technology, means, or knowledge to necessarily stand up to a group of white men either. 11. The accountant is described as an elegant white man with a clean and well-mannered appearance. The accountant is described as a â€Å"miracle† because he represents the Company, or how the Company wishes to be seen. The accountant is devoted to the Company. The station manager is described as an average man. The manager’s supreme gift is his ability to never get sick. Marlow does not like the station manager because he is jealous of Kurtz, and also because Marlow describes him as â€Å"originating nothing.† This suggests how the manager lacks innovation and is devoted to keeping up with appearances, although he has nothing to offer. The manager comments about howShow MoreRelated Prejudice and Racism in The Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness1361 Words   |  6 PagesRacism in The Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness      Ã‚   The effects of British colonialism are reflected in literature from both early modernism and post colonialism. Racial discrimination tainted both eras portrayed in the British morale of white supremacy over non-European counties unfolded. Heart of Darkness exemplifies early modernism in the British explorers viewed African natives of the Congo as incapable of human equality due to perceived uncivilized savagery. 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Plato Essay Summary Example For Students

Plato Essay Summary Philosopher. According to sources, Plato was born on or around May 21, 427 (or 428) B.C. in Athens, the son of Ariston and Perictione, both of Athenian aristocratic ancestry. He lived his whole life in Athens, although he traveled to Sicily and southern Italy on several occasions, and one story says he traveled to Egypt. Little is known of his early years, but he was given the finest education Athens had to offer the scions of its noble families, and he devoted his considerable talents to politics and the writing of tragedy and other forms of poetry. His acquaintance with Socrates altered the course of his life. The compelling power which Socratess methods and arguments had over the minds of the youth of Athens gripped Plato as firmly as it did so many others, and he became a close associate of Socrates. The end of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC) left Plato in an irreconcilable position. His uncle, Critias, was the leader of the Thirty Tyrants who were installed in power by the victorious Spartans. One means of perpetuating themselves in power was to implicate as many Athenians as possible in their atrocious acts. Thus Socrates, as we learn in Platos Apology, was ordered to arrest a man and bring him to Athens from Salamis for execution. When the great teacher refused, his life was in jeopardy, and he was probably saved only by the overthrow of the Thirty and the reestablishment of the democracy. Plato was repelled by the aims and methods of the Thirty and welcomed the restoration of the democracy, but his mistrust of the whimsical demos was deepened some four years later when Socrates was tried on trumped up charges and sentenced to death. Plato was present at the trial, as we learn in the Apology, but was not present when the hemlock was administered to his master, although he describes the scene in vivid and touching detail in the Phaedo. He then turned in disgust from contemporary Athenian politics and never took an active part in government, although through friends he did try to influence the course of political life in the Sicilian city of Syracuse. Plato and several of his friends withdrew from Athens for a short time after Socratess death and remained with Euclides in Megara. His productive years were punctuated by three voyages to Sicily, and his literary output, all of which has survived, may conveniently be discussed within the framework of those voyages. The first trip, to southern Italy and Syracuse, took place in 388-387 BC, when Plato made the acquaintance of Archytas of Tarentum, the Pythagorean, and Dion of Syracuse and his infamous brother-in-law, Dionysius I, ruler of that city. Dionysius was then at the height of his power and prestige in Sicily for having freed the Greeks there from the threat of Carthaginian overlordship. Plato became better friends with Dion, however, and Dionysiuss rather callous treatment of his Athenian guest may be ascribed to the jealously which that close friendship aroused. On Platos return journey to Athens, Dionysiuss crew deposited him on the island of Aegina, which at that time was engaged in a minor war with Athens, and Plato might have been sold as a prisoner of war had he not been ransomed by Anniceris of Cyrene, one of his many admirers. On his return to Athens, Plato began to teach in the Gymnasium Academe and soon afterward acquired property nearby and founded his famous Academy, which survived until the philosophical schools were closed by the Christian emperor Justinian in the early 6th century A.D. At the center of the Academy stood a shrine to the Muses, and at least one modern scholar suggests that the Academy may have been a type of religious brotherhood. Plato had begun to write the dialogues, which came to be the hallmark of his philosophical exposition, some years before the founding of the Academy. To this early period, before the first trip to Sicily, belong the Laches, Charmides, Euthyphro, Lysis, Protagoras, Hippias Minor, Ion, Hippias Major, Apology, Crito, and Gorgias. Socrates is the main character in these dialogues, and various abstractions are discussed and defined. The Laches deals with courage, Charmides with sophrosyne (common sense), Euthyphro with piety,

Alexander The Great Essay Conclusion Example For Students

Alexander The Great Essay Conclusion Word Count: 1418It is a lovely thing to live with great courage and die leavingan everlasting fame.Long before thebirth of Christ, the land directly above what we know asGreece today, was called Macedonia. Macedonia stillexists, but it is now Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and modernGreece. Macedonia was considered to be part of ancientGreece, but the people of these two countries couldnt bemore different. No people in history ever gave so much tothe human race as the ancient Greeks. They producedarchitectural monuments, four of the greatest dramaticactors who ever lived, one of the most brilliant statesmenand two of the greatest historians. Scientists, philosophersand artists all thrived in this country. The political systemwe call democracy had its roots in this culture. TheMacedonians in comparison with their Greek neighborswere crude and fierce in their outlook. They were a roughpeople. They never produced any artists, philosophers, orgreat actors. But they produced Alexander The Great am an with a legacy so remarkable that it has challenged theminds of men ever since. Alexander was born to conquerthe world. His life was bold and from beginning to end, itwas etched with dramatic clarity. Every important event inhis life brought him one step closer to fulfilling his ambition. He was the first leaders, like Caesar and Napoleon, whopartly be accident and partly by design, set out to gatherthe whole world into their fists, unify it, rule it and enlightenit. But unlike the other great giants of history, Alexanderwas a shooting star whose blaze of glory ended with hisdeath, at not quite thirty-three years old Alexander wasborn in 356 BC to King Philip of Macedonia and his wife,Olympias. On the day of Alexanders birth, Philip wasaway in battle. A courier brought Philip the message of hissons birth, along with two other messages Philips horsehad won first prize in the Olympic Games and his army hadjust won a very important battle. With three pieces of goodnews at once, Philip always thought his sons arrival into theworld came with an omen of good luck. As Crown Princeof Macedonia and at that time, his fathers only heir,Alexander was raised to inherit his fathers kingdom. Alexander was good at sports and even as a young childshowed a very ambitious streak. One of his courtierscommented on how well he ran and suggested that hecompete in the Olympic foot races. Alexander refused andreplied that we would only run against kings, so that hecould be sure that no one threw the race in his favor. As ayoung boy, Alexander began to show many of the traitsthat made him famous courage, cleverness and completeself-confidence. Once when Alexanders father broughthome several horses, one horse in particular caughtAlexanders eye. It was an enormous black horse and onethat none of King Philips men seemed to be able to mountand ride. Alexander approached his father and asked forthe horse. On a dare and a bet from his father, Alexanderdid what no one else had been able to do, mount and ridethe horse. The horse, Bucephalus, became one of the mostfamous horses in history and for most of the sixteen yearsof his life was the only horse that Alexander ever rode inbattle. Whe n Bucephalus died, Alexander gave him afuneral worthy of a king and named a city after him. Alexanders education is said to have been the mostexpensive in history. Philip persuaded Aristotle, the Greekphilosopher and scientist to be Alexanders tutor. Inaddition to the large sum of money paid to Aristotle for hisyears of service as a teacher, Philip also agreed to rebuildthe town where Aristotle had been born (which Philip haddestroyed in a raid) and permit its exiled citizens to return. .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 , .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 .postImageUrl , .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 , .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817:hover , .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817:visited , .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817:active { border:0!important; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817:active , .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817 .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c81ca35fbb500734fb0b931e9d56817:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The jungle book EssayAristotle introduced Alexander to many things, but inparticular he instilled in Alexander the love of books. Alexanders favorite was Homers Iliad, which he learnedby heart. Throughout his entire life, whereever he was,Alexander slept with two things under his pillow a daggerfor protection and a copy of the Iliad. When Alexanderwas seventeen, his father left him temporarily in charge ofMacedonia while he attended state matters in Greece. While his father was away, a tribe in a northern province,apparently hoping to take advantage of Alexanders youthand inexperience started a revolt. Alexander gathered hisarmy, marched against the rebels, beat them in battle andcaptured their chief city. He renamed their city after himselfAlexandropolis. By the time Alexander was eighteen, thingswere not well between his parents. What has started, as alove match between Philip and Olympias had become ahateful and vengeful relationship. Philip decided to marryagain, taking a second Queen. Alexander, who had alwayshad a good relationship with his father, but loved his motherdeeply, sided with her. During the next two yearsAlexander and Philip held a troubled truce. When Philipwas assassinated, whispers emerged that his first wife,Olympias was involved in the plot. Within days of Philipsdeath, Olympias had her husbands second wife and herinfant son murdered, so as to not shed any doubt onAlexanders claim to the throne. At twenty, Alexand er wasking of Macedonia. He set about restoring order inMacedonia and Greece with a vengeance. During this time,a serious revolt broke out in Thebes, a city in Greece. Alexander and his army marched against Thebes andburned it to the ground. Over thirty thousand Thebans weresold into slavery. In the entire city, Alexander spared onlyone house the home of a poet called Pindar, whosepoetry Alexander has always liked. The battle of Thebeswas the first of many atrocities that Alexander committed. The memory of the battle lingered and Alexandersreputation spread. He never had any difficulties in keepingthe Greeks in line after this campaign. Alexander admiredcourage in all forms. Many times he spared the lives ofpeople who showed courage in the face of pain or death. In 334 BC, Alexander set out to conquer Persia. Noexpedition like it had ever been undertaken and few rival itsince. Alexanders army was small by that days standard,but it was very efficient. Alexander was also something of amilitary genius and he systematically set about to overtakeparts of Persia in a series of smaller and victorious battles. He then moved on to Asia Minor, the Mediterranean coastand Egypt. By the time Alexander was twenty-four most ofthe known world at that time was under his rule. In Egypt,Alexander founded Alexandria, which is still one of thechief world ports today. When Alexandria was completedit was one of the most impressive cities in the world. Thestreets were lettered or numbered and it was the first city inhistory to have lights at night. Four years after Alexanderset out to conquer Persia he finally met the Persian king inbattle. Alexander won. The battle was called the Battle ofArbela and marked the end of Persian power. Alexanderbecame King of Persia, along with being King ofMacedonia, Greece, Egypt and Asia. He was twenty-six. Alexander married when he was twenty-eight. Because hehad spent the majority of his time since becoming an adultin Persia, it was no surprise that he married a Persianprincess. Everyone knew that Alexander and his Queenwere friends and liked each other. But because Alexanderspent most of his life surrounded by his male friends, ratherthan seek relationships with women, the marriage wasknown as one of duty to produce an heir than a love matchfor either Alexander or Roxana. Alexanders battle forIndia was his last battle of any consequence. He won thebattle against the great Indian king, Porus. But Alexandersarmy was getting tired. They had been away from homeand fighting for over eight years. After overtaking morethan 5000 towns and villages in India, Alexanders armywanted to go home. They started the long trek back toMacedonia. During this time, the army never lost a battleand they never broke ranks. When they made it to Persia,two major events happened. First, to further his politica lties with Persia, especially since he was heading back toMacedonia, Alexander decided to marry another Persianprincess. He also orchestrated the marriages of 9000 of hismen to Persian women, just to solidify the two countries. .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac , .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac .postImageUrl , .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac , .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac:hover , .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac:visited , .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac:active { border:0!important; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac:active , .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue09a25c911d4d3d9a8c75619dfb72dac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The story of Romeo and Juliet EssaySecond, he watched his best friend, constant companionand general of his armies die of fever. Alexander, mad withgrief became a drunken wreck almost overnight. Hebecame manic in his dealings. Alexander never returned toGreece. He died in Persia of fever, similar in symptoms toMalaria. After he died, Alexander was buried in Alexandia. Roxana, Alexanders first wife and mother to his first bornson, had the second wife and her child murdered, hoping tosecure Alexanders throne. Roxana and her child weremurdered as well, and Alexanders kingdom went to one ofAlexanders generals, rather than an heir. Alexander TheGreat lived a life, which in human terms has never beenmatched. His contributions to history, despite his faults, willnever dim. The stories of his exploits will live forever.